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 soluuhuong1
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 06/21/2010



ADVERB
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* Trang chủ
* / Tiếng Anh 12
* / Wikis
* / Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh
* / Phân loại phó từ và vị trí của từng loại



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Phân loại phó từ và vị trí của từng loại
1. Phó từ chỉ cách thức (adverbs of manner)
• Ví dụ: bravely, fast, happily, hard, quickly, well
• Vị trí:
– Thường đứng sau động từ hoặc sau tân ngữ (nếu có)
She danced beautifully.
They speak English well.
– Khi verb + preposition + object, phó từ cách thức có thể đứng trước giới từhoặc sau tân ngữ:
He looked at me suspiciously = he looked suspiciously at me.
– Nếu tân ngữ quá dài, chúng ta đặt phó từ trước động từ:
She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass.
He angrily denied that he had stolen the documents.
They secretly decided to leave the town.
– Đối với những phó từ nói về cá tính, tính cách hoặc trí tuệ, như foolishly, generously, kindly, stupidly… khi đặt trước động từ ám chỉ rằng hành động đó là ngu ngốc, tốt bụng, hào phóng….
I foolishly forgot my passport –> it was foolish of me to forget
He kindly waited for me –> It was kind of him to wait
– "Somehow” có thể đặt ở vị trí đầu câu hay sau một động từ không có tân ngữ hoặc sau tân ngữ:
Somehow they managed
They managed somehow
They raised the money somehow.
2. Phó từ chỉ thời gian (adverbs of time)
• Ví dụ: now, soon, still, then, today, yet, recently, afterwards…
• Vị trí:
– Thường đặt ở đầu câu hoặc cuối mệnh đề
Eventually he came = he came eventually.
Then he went home = he went home then.
– "Before, early, immediately, late” đặt sau mệnh đề.
He came late
I’ll go immediately
Nếu “before và immediately được sử dụng như liên từ th́ được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề.
Immediately the rain stops we’ll set out.
– "Yet” thường đặt sau động từ hoặc sau động từ + tân ngữ
He hasn’t finished (his breakfast) yet.
– "Still” được đặt sau động từ “be” nhưng trước các động từ khác.
She is still in bed.
He still doesn’t understand.
3. Phó từ chỉ địa điểm (adverbs of place)
• Ví dụ: away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there…
• Vị trí:
– Nếu không có tân ngữ, những phó từ này thường đặt sau động từ
She went away
Bill is upstairs
– Nếu có tân ngữ, chúng đặt sau tân ngữ
She sent him away
I looked for it everywhere.
– “Here, there” + be/come/go + noun:
Here’s Tom
There’s Ann
Here comes the train
There goes our bus.
“Here”, “there” đặt ở vị trí này có ư nghĩa nhấn mạnh hơn so với chúng đặt ở sau động từ.
Nếu noun là đại từ nhân xưng, nó thường được đặt trước động từ
There he is
Here I am
– Trong văn viết, những ngữ trạng từ bắt đầu bằng giới từ(down, from, in, on, over, out of, up…) có thể đứng trước động từ chuyển động, động từ ám chỉ vị trí (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand) và một số động từ khác.
In the doorway stood a man with a gun
On the perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
4. Phó từ tần suất (adverbs of frequency)
• Ví dụ: always, frequently, often, sometimes, occasionally, usually, continually, ever, never, rarely, seldome, hardly ever….
• Vị trí:
– Sau động từ “tobe” (ở các th́ đơn giản)
He is always in time for meals.
– Trước động từ thường:
They sometimes stay up all night.
– "Often” nếu đặt ở cuối th́ thường đi cùng “quite” hoặc “very”
He walked quite often.
– "Hardly, ever, never, rarely” có thể được đặt ở đầu câu nhưng phải dùng đảo ngữ của động từ
Hardly/ scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.
5. Phó từ chỉ mức độ (adverbs of degree)
• Ví dụ: fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very, absolutely, almost, really, extremely, only, rather, completely, just…
• Vị trí:
– Phó từ chỉ mức độ bổ nghĩa cho một tính từ hoặc một phó từ khác. Nó được đặt trước tính từ hoặc phó từ.
You are absolutely right.
I’m almost ready.
– Những phó từ mức độ sau đây có thể bổ nghĩa cho động từ: almost, barely, enough, hardly, just, little, much, nearly, quite, rather, really…
He almost/nearly fell.
I’m just going.
Tom didn’t like it much but I really enjoyed it.
– Về mặt lí thuyết, “only” được đặt trước động từ, tính từ và phó từ, trước hoặc theo sau danh từhoặc đại từ.
He had only six apples.
He only lent the car.
I believe only half of what he said.
Nhưng trong văn nói, người Anh thường đặt nó trước động từ
He only had six apples.
I only believe half of what he said.
– "Rather” có thể sử dụng trước “alike, like, similar, different…” và trước tính từ so sánh hơn.
Siamese cats are rather like dogs in some ways.
The weather was rather worse than I had expected.
“rather a” có thể đi với một số danh từ“disappointment, disadvantage, nuisance, pity, shame”
It’s rather a nuisance that we can’t park here.
It’s rather a shame that he has to work on Sundays.
– "Hardly, scarcely, barely” mang nghĩa phủ định. “hardly” thường được sử dụng với “any, ever, at all” hoặc động từ can.
I hardly ever go out.
It hardly rained at all last summer.
Her case is so heavy that she can hardly lift it.
Hardly cũng có thể sử dụng với các động từ khác.
I hardly know him
Scarcely có thể thay thế hardly trong các trường hợp trên.
Barely có nghĩa là “not more than/only just”
There were barely twenty people there. (only just twenty)
6. Phó từ nghi vấn (interrogative)
• Ví dụ: when, where, why, how …
• Vị trí: đứng ở đầu câu
When did you see her?
Why was he late?
7. Phó từ quan hệ (relative)
• Ví dụ: when, where, why…
• Vị trí: đứng sau danh từ
I remember the day when they arrived.
The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
The reason why I’m phoning you is to invite you to a party.
Chú ư: trong một câu, có cả phó từ cách thức, địa điểm, thời gian, th́ trật tự thường là phó từ cách thức + phó từ địa điểm + phó từ thời gian.
Ví dụ: He spoke well at the debate this morning.
She prepared her lessons carefully at home yesterday.

Bài tập: Đặt những phó từ trong ngoặc vào đúng chỗ của nó trong câu.
1. He has read that book (already)
2. This book is interesting (extremely)
3. I haven’t been there (before)
4. He is on time (seldom)
5. The elevator operates (automatically)
6. He arrives (never, on time, at the meeting)
7. I saw Dan (at the lecture, last night)
8. He left the office (early, this afternoon)
9. They stayed (all day, quietly, there)
10. I shall meet you (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 o’clock)
11. He was born (in 1396, at 10a.m, on July 14th)
12. She will return the book (next week, to, the library)

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Adverbs / Adjectives / Linking Verbs

The following is a mini-tutorial on the use of adverbs, adjectives, and linking verbs. After you have studied the tutorial, complete the associated exercises. If you are already familiar with these topics, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises.
Adverbs
FORM

[adjective + ly]

There are also irregular adverbs such as "well" and "fast."
USE 1

Adverbs can be used to modify verbs.

Examples:

* John walked quickly towards the door.
* Sally sat silently waiting for somebody else to speak first.

USE 2

Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives.

Examples:

* The redwood tree was impressively tall.
* The blouse was outrageously expensive.

USE 3

Adverbs can be used to modify other adverbs.

Examples:

* She spoke extremely confidently.
* The cheetah ran incredibly quickly.

Adjectives
FORM

There are many different adjective endings including "-ive," "-ous," "-y," "-ful," "-ent" and many others. "Attractive," "envious," "lazy," "beautiful," and "intelligent" are all adjectives.
USE 1

Adjectives can be used to modify nouns.

Examples:

* Jack drives a big car.
* Sally writes beautiful poems.

USE 2

Adjectives often follow linking verbs (described below).

Examples:

* Max is tall.
* Sandra seems mad.

Linking Verbs
LIST

*
o to appear
o to be
o to become
o to feel
o to get
o to go
o to grow
o to look

o to prove
o to remain
o to seem
o to smell
o to sound
o to stay
o to taste
o to turn

USE

The linking verbs above are often followed by adjectives instead of adverbs. In such situations, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence rather than the verb. Study the examples below to learn the difference.

Examples:

* Mary seemed sad. Correct
* Mary seemed sadly. Not Correct
* The cake tastes good. Correct
* The cake tastes well. Not Correct
* The train is slow. Correct
* The train is slowly. Not Correct
* James grew tired. Correct
* Sarah remained calm. Correct
* The milk went bad. Correct
* The seas turned rough. Correct
* The negotiations proved pointless. Correct

IMPORTANT

The verbs in the list above are not always used as linking verbs. Compare the examples below.

Examples:

* Sally grew angry.
"Angry" describes Sally. In this sentence, "to grow" is being used as a linking verb meaning "to become."
* The plant grew quickly.
"Quickly" does not describe the plant, it describes the manner in which it grows. In this sentence, "to grow" is not being used as a linking verb.

EXERCISES AND RELATED TOPICS:



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 soluuhuong1
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I. Definition: Adverb is a part of speech which includes words giving meaning to a verb, an adjective, another adverb, and even the whole sentence. They express some additional circumstances attending an action or a quality: the time, place or manner of an action, the degree of a quality, etc.

II. Classification:

1. Adverbs of MANNER

2. Adverbs of PLACE

3. Adverbs of TIME

4. Adverbs of FREQUENCY

5. Adverbs of DEGREE

6. INTENSIFIERS





1. Adverbs of MANNER: are used to denote the manner of an action, the way in which something is done, and very often they answer the question ‘how?’. Most of adverbs of manner are formed by adding ‘ly’ to adjectives:

Plain ==> plainly; sudden ==> suddenly; beautiful ==> beautifully; happy ==> happily.



In many cases, adverbs of manner can be expressed by prepositional phrases: By bus; in a loud voice; on foot; in a hurry; etc. to refer to ‘means’ or ‘method’.



+ Adverbs of manner are placed after the object, verb, an adverb particle, sometimes between the subject and the verb, or at the beginning of the sentence for the sake of emphasis.

Eg: She took it down carefully. The children looked at the monkey curiously.

* Special forms: fast, hard, well…



2. Adverbs of PLACE : are used to denote the location, position or the direction of an action. Denoting location or position answers the question ‘Where?’. Denoting direction answers the question ‘Where to?’, ‘Where from?’ (abroad, ahead, here, there, left,…; anywhere, nowhere, far away, over there,…; at the Baker’s; in the garden; on the left; from New York,…)



+ Adverbs of place are placed after adverbs of manner and before adverbs of time, or at the beginning of the sentence.

Eg: She read those books silently in the library all day.

In his village, most of the men are farmers.



3. Adverbs of TIME: are used to denote the time of an action, they refer to definite time (today, on Tuesday), duration of time (since July, for 2 weeks), and indefinite time (now, then, lately, soon, eventually). They answer the question ‘When?’, ‘Since when?’, ‘How long?’



+ The position of adverbs of time is very flexible. They can be used at the beginning, at the end of the sentence or other places to serve the purpose of their modification.

Eg: She started her new job last Monday. They have lived here for over 20 years.



4. Adverbs of FREQUENCY: are used to denote the frequency of the action either definitely or indefinitely. They answer the question ‘How often?’

Eg: always, usually, generally, seldom, never, once a week, twice a month, every other day, …



+ They are used for mid-position, at the end-position at the beginning of the sentence.

Eg: He doesn’t come here often. Sometimes it rains in the winter. I usually visit her every Monday.



5. Adverbs of DEGREE: are used to denote the degree to which the action is performed and they broadly answer the question ‘to what extent?’ : almost, altogether, barely, a bit, fairly, enough, quite, rather, somewhat,…

Most of adverbs of degree go before the word or words they modify.

Eg: We quite enjoy our holiday in the mountains. They arrived at the station too late, so they missed the train. The water at the sea is warm enough to swim.



6. INTENSIFIERS: are adverbs which are used with gradable adjectives and adverbs and normally strengthen the meaning. They are usually used before the words that they give meaning to. They can be used with adjectives, adverbs, past participles, ing-form adjectives, adjective + noun.

Eg: She usually works hard ==> She usually works very hard.

His sister is extremely helpful. She drove really slowly.

The film is terribly boring. He is a particularly good worker.

We are greatly surprised at what she says.



III. FORMS OF ADVERB and ADVERB FORMATIONS:




1/ Simple adverbs, which have no endings to show that they are adverbs: here, there, how, then, now, quite, still.

2/ Derived adverbs are formed by the following ways:

- Adj + ly: quickly, carefully, happily, really.

- N + ly : daily, weekly, monthly, yearly… (these can also be used as adjectives)

- N + ways / wards / wise : sideways, homewards, clockwise, etc.

- ‘a’ + N : ahead, abroad, asleep, etc.

- In/out + N : inside, outdoor, etc.

3/ Compound adverbs and Phrase adverbs : however, otherwise, anywhere, notwithstanding, therefore, at once, at last, at least, etc.



*** Many adverbs share the same forms. Some of them share the same meaning, others do not.

Eg: back door – stand back. Fast runner – run fast.

But: a pretty girl ==> she is pretty well. A short journey ==> The car stopped short.



*** Many other adverbs have the different forms but some of them share the same meaning, some others have different meanings.

Eg: He bought this cheap / cheaply. We must play fair / fairly.

But: The car stopped short. He will come shortly.

She works hard. She works hardly at all.



IV. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS:


- one or two syllables form: comparatives and superlatives in the same way of short adjectives



Eg: early – earlier – (the) earliest. Fast- faster – (the) fastest.



- Most of adverbs of manner and adverbs of frequency have two or more syllables form:

More / less – (the) most / least

Eg: quickly – more quickly – (the) most quickest.



- The positive degree of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives:

Mary sings as sweetly as her sister does.



- Some irregular forms:

Well – better – (the) best. Badly – worse – (the) worst. Far – farther/further – (the) farthest/furthest.

Late – later – (the) latest. Little – less – (the) least. Much – more – (the) most.







V. INVERSION AFTER ADVERBS:


1. After ‘here’, ‘there’:, and after adverb particles such as: back, down, off, up… ==> the noun subject comes after the verb. This is common with verbs of motion.

Eg: Here comes a taxi. There goes the last train.



- This kind of inversion is common after ‘be’ when we are offering things or identifying location:

Eg: Here is a cup of coffee for you. There is Adam Smith.



- This kind of inversion is not used if the subject is a pronoun.

Eg: Here it comes / Up it went / There she goes.



2. After adverbs of place, the noun subject (not the pronoun subject) can follow the verb.

Eg: At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. In the distance could be seen the purple mountains.



3. After negative or near-negative adverbs, often of time and frequency and the combination with ‘only’, ‘so’, ‘such’, the subject goes after the auxiliary verbs.

Eg: Never have I seen such a beautiful flower show.

Little does he realize how important the matter is.

Only then did he realize the danger of the situation.

So sudden was the attack (that) they had no time to escape.

Such was his strength that he could bend iron rods.

Not only do they rob her, they smash everything too.


 

 sushie
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 06/21/2010

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ờ gạch nát hết luôn

 

 soluuhuong1
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 06/21/2010

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Em Sushi làm anh cuời găy ghế lun

Nếu em sợ gạch th́ em sẽ hổng xây lên đuợc viên gạch nào, càng có nhiều gạch em càng xây đuợc nhiều, nói túm lại là cần nhiều gạch hehehe

vui nhé em


 
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